Misogyny is the systemic hatred, contempt, or devaluation of women. Unlike the concept of "misandry," which is often exaggerated in cultural discourse, misogyny is real and deeply institutionalized.[1] It manifests not only in individual attitudes but also in societal structures, cultural norms, laws, and institutions that perpetuate male dominance and constrain female autonomy.[2]
Society
In contemporary society, misogyny operates through both overt and subtle mechanisms. Women face systemic disadvantages in employment, politics, legal systems, and media representation. Cultural expectations often police female behavior, appearance, and sexuality, reinforcing male authority while punishing independence or deviation from traditional gender norms.[3]
It is critical to recognize that misogyny is structural: while individuals may express prejudice, the broader societal framework ensures that women are disproportionately marginalized, undervalued, and subjected to violence or coercion simply because of their gender.[4]
References
- ↑ Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution. Norton, 1976.
- ↑ hooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. South End Press, 1984.
- ↑ Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. Oxford University Press, 1986.
- ↑ Yoder, Janice D. "Understanding the Role of Structural Inequalities in Gender Oppression." Journal of Social Issues, 2000.